NANO TECHONOLOGY

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY TO MEDICINE
Kambiz Pourrezaei
Drexel University
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Nanotechnology refers to situations where at least one
dimension of interest is around or is less than 1OOnm. This
is of significance in life sciences where many fundamental
sub-cellular and protein functions take place at this spatial
scale. The ability to image and manipulate biological
moieties at this scale opens up many new possibilities.
Further, some of the most exciting applications of
nanotechnology are where a particular geometrical size,
right size, may promote or inhibit a particular behavior. In
this talk a quick overview of some new discoveries will be
made. The remainder of the talk will focus on drug delivery,
tissue engineering, and biosensors.
Tissue Engineering. In order to fully realize the potential of
tissue engineering, one of the key issues is to synthesize
new cell adhesion-specific materials and develop
reproducible three-dimensional synthetic or natural
biodegradable polymer scaffolds with tailored properties.
[ 13 Electrical conductivity is one of these unique properties,
given the fact that response to electrical stimulation is a key
feature of myocytes differentiation and function. The
requirement for nano-scale fibers is based on our
understanding that a major component for successful tissue
engineering is entailed in the ultrastructure of the scaffolds.
We surmise that scaffolds comprised of nano-scale fibers
are the only structures capable of mimicking some of the
unique cues, including electrical signaling, that cells in vivo
derive from the extracellular matrix proteins and which f i e -
tune cellular differentiation and function.
Heart failure, the end-stage outcome of all forms of
cardiovascular disease, represents one of the major causes
for morbidity and mortality in the United States. Since adult
heart muscle cells cannot proliferate or replace diseased or
damaged myocytes, eventually death ensues, unless a
replacement donor organ is found. Given the notorious
scarcity of donor organs, a feasible alternative is to use
advanced tissue engineering approaches, including stem
cells and innovative bioreactor biotechnologv for re-creating
Fig. 1 Example of Stem Cell grown on a scaffold of
nanofiber of about 50nm diameters.
0-7803-7211-5/01/$17.00 0 2001 IEEE 4087
cardiac tissues. These tissue constructs can be used for
patching or repairing damaged areas of the heart.
Obviously, the long-term goal is to generate a complete
heart from scratch. If successful, the proposed studies will
contribute to reducing the cost of healthcare for the society
at large while improving the patients' quality of life.
Drug Delivery. Most tissue-engineered constructs employ a
polymeric scaffold into which the appropriate cells are
seeded in order to achieve a starting point for tissue
development. Many such constructs develop into the
desired tissue far more readily if the cells are supplied with
growth factors andor antibiotics and other drugs. Equally,
synthetic body parts, such as a replacement hip, would
function far better in the initial stages if drugs and/or
bioactive factors could be delivered directly to the implant
in situ. These are just two of the possible applications we
envisage for the methods that we have been investigating
for controlled delivery of bioactive compounds from
polymeric (permanent or biodegradable) nanofiber mats.
The bioactive compound is suspended in a polymer
solution, which is then spun into a mat by an electrostatic
self-assembly process (electro-spinning). A high voltage
electric field is applied between the polymer solution
contained in a syringe and an oppositely charged metallic
screen. At a critical voltage, the charge overcomes the
surface tension of the deformed polymer drop at the tip of
the syringe needle, producing an ultra fine jet. The similarly
charged fibers are splayed and during their passage to the
screen, the solvent evaporates, and dry fibers accumulate
randomly on the screen.
For preliminary studies we have selected Polylactic
Glycolic Acid as the biodegradable polymer, and
fluorescently labeled Bovine Serum Albumin (FITC-BSA)
as a model, high molecular weight, proteinaceous drug.
Optimization of the process resulted in the following
protocol: Finely ground FITC-BSA was suspended in a 30-
wt% polymer solution in 5050 dimethylformamide:
tetrahydrofuran. The polymer/drug mixture (10 ml) was
then taken up into a syringe with a 16G needle and a voltage
of 20 kV was applied between the needle tip and the
metallic collection screen. A non-woven fabric screen on
the collection plate proved to be the best base for the mat.
To test the drug delivery properties of the resulting mat after
removal from the base, small pieces were taken from
various regions, weighed and placed in glass vials
containing 10 ml of phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4).
The vials were then placed on a rotary shaker in an
incubator at 37OC. The buffer was replaced daily to mimic
infinite sink conditions, and analyzed for FITC-BSA
released. Scanning electron microscopy was performed on
the different regions of the mat to study the morphology.





Assessment of nanoscience and nanotechnology Initiatives in India
K.B.Akhilesh,Neelima S.Watve
Department of Management Studies,Indian Institute of Science,Bangalore,INDIA
Abstract-anotechnology is a new technology which is
generating a lot of interest among academicians,practitioners
and scientists.Critical research is being carried out in this area
all over the world.Governments are creating policy initiatives to
promote developments in the nanoscale science and technology
developments.Private investment is also seeing a rising trend.
Large number of academic institutions and national laboratories
has set up research centers that are working on the multiple
applications of nanotechnology.
Wide ranges of applications are claimed for nanotechnology.
This consists of materials,chemicals,textiles,semiconductors,to
wonder drug delivery systems and diagnostics.
anotechnology is considered to be a next big wave of
technology after information technology and biotechnology.In
fact,nanotechnology holds the promise of advances that exceed
those achieved in recent decades in computers and
biotechnology.
Much interest in nanotechnology also could be because of the
fact that enormous monetary benefits are expected from
nanotechnology based products.According to SF,revenues
from nanotechnology could touch $1 trillion by 2015.
However much of the benefits are projected ones.Realizing
claimed benefits require successful development of nanoscience
and nanotechnology research efforts.That is the journey of
invention to innovation has to be completed.For this to happen
the technology has to flow from laboratory to market.
anoscience and nanotechnology research efforts have to come
out in the form of new products,new processes,and new
platforms.
India has also started its anoscience and anotechnology
development program in under its 10 th Five Year Plan and funds
worth Rs.One billion have been allocated for anoscience and
anotechnology Research and Development.
The aim of the paper is to assess anoscience and
anotechnology initiatives in India.We propose a conceptual
model derived from the resource based view of the innovation.
We have developed a structured questionnaire to measure the
constructs in the conceptual model.Responses have been
collected from 115 scientists and engineers working in the field
of anoscience and anotechnology.The responses have been
analyzed further by using Principal Component Analysis,
Cluster Analysis and Regression Analysis.
I.INTRODUCTION
Nanotechnology is a new technology that is generating lot
of interest among academicians,practitioners and scientists.
Critical research is being carried out all over the world.
Governments are creating policy initiatives to promote
developments in the nanoscale science and technology
developments.Private investment is also seeing a rising trend
[8 ].Large number of academic institutions and national
laboratories have set up research centers that are working on
the multiple applications of nanotechnology [48 ].Wide ranges
of applications are claimed for nanotechnology.This consists
of materials,chemicals,textiles,semiconductors,to wonder
drug delivery systems and diagnostics.Nanotechnology is
considered to be a next big wave of technology after
information technology and biotechnology.In fact,according
to [24 ],nanotechnology holds the promise of advances that
exceed those achieved in recent decades in computers and
biotechnology.
A.What is anotechnology?
The Greek word nano means very small.A nanometer is
one billionth of a meter (10 – 9 meter,about 6 atoms placed
side by side).Nanotechnology literally means any technology
performed on a nanoscale that has applications in the real
world.
National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI),[63 ],an effort by
USA to promote nanotechnology,calls it "nanotechnology"
only if it involves all of the following:
1.Research and technology development at the atomic,
molecular or macromolecular levels,in the length scale of
approximately 1 -100 nanometer range.
2.Creating and using structures,devices and systems that
have novel properties and functions because of their small
and/or intermediate size.
3.Ability to control or manipulate on the atomic scale.
B.Why ano?
To understand the hype around the nanotechnology,it is
important to understand that the nanoscale isn ’ t just small,
it ’s special kind of small.The interest in the nano materials
has been stimulated by the fact that,owing to the small size,
materials are expected to demonstrate unique mechanical,
optical,electronic,and magnetic properties [48 ] .
C.Promise of anotechnology
Nanotechnology promises to touch our lives in more ways
than one in the years to come.It is thought of as a “Next Big
Thing ”.Thus it is thought of as a Next Big Industrial
Revolution,comparable with Information Technology and
more recently Biotechnology [48,24 ]
Applications of nanotechnology are wide ranging from
materials,chemicals,textiles,semiconductors,to wonder
drug delivery systems and diagnostics.Nanotechnology is
considered to be a next big wave of technology after
information technology and biotechnology [48 ].The question
arises thus,whether to consider Nanotechnology as a
Revolutionary or Evolutionary?The answer is that,it is likely
to be both.
2593
PICMET 2009 Proceedings,August 2-6,Portland,Oregon USA © 2009 PICMET




Assessment of nanoscience and nanotechnology Initiatives in India
K.B.Akhilesh,Neelima S.Watve
Department of Management Studies,Indian Institute of Science,Bangalore,INDIA
Abstract-anotechnology is a new technology which is
generating a lot of interest among academicians,practitioners
and scientists.Critical research is being carried out in this area
all over the world.Governments are creating policy initiatives to
promote developments in the nanoscale science and technology
developments.Private investment is also seeing a rising trend.
Large number of academic institutions and national laboratories
has set up research centers that are working on the multiple
applications of nanotechnology.
Wide ranges of applications are claimed for nanotechnology.
This consists of materials,chemicals,textiles,semiconductors,to
wonder drug delivery systems and diagnostics.
anotechnology is considered to be a next big wave of
technology after information technology and biotechnology.In
fact,nanotechnology holds the promise of advances that exceed
those achieved in recent decades in computers and
biotechnology.
Much interest in nanotechnology also could be because of the
fact that enormous monetary benefits are expected from
nanotechnology based products.According to SF,revenues
from nanotechnology could touch $1 trillion by 2015.
However much of the benefits are projected ones.Realizing
claimed benefits require successful development of nanoscience
and nanotechnology research efforts.That is the journey of
invention to innovation has to be completed.For this to happen
the technology has to flow from laboratory to market.
anoscience and nanotechnology research efforts have to come
out in the form of new products,new processes,and new
platforms.
India has also started its anoscience and anotechnology
development program in under its 10 th Five Year Plan and funds
worth Rs.One billion have been allocated for anoscience and
anotechnology Research and Development.
The aim of the paper is to assess anoscience and
anotechnology initiatives in India.We propose a conceptual
model derived from the resource based view of the innovation.
We have developed a structured questionnaire to measure the
constructs in the conceptual model.Responses have been
collected from 115 scientists and engineers working in the field
of anoscience and anotechnology.The responses have been
analyzed further by using Principal Component Analysis,
Cluster Analysis and Regression Analysis.
I.INTRODUCTION
Nanotechnology is a new technology that is generating lot
of interest among academicians,practitioners and scientists.
Critical research is being carried out all over the world.
Governments are creating policy initiatives to promote
developments in the nanoscale science and technology
developments.Private investment is also seeing a rising trend
[8 ].Large number of academic institutions and national
laboratories have set up research centers that are working on
the multiple applications of nanotechnology [48 ].Wide ranges
of applications are claimed for nanotechnology.This consists
of materials,chemicals,textiles,semiconductors,to wonder
drug delivery systems and diagnostics.Nanotechnology is
considered to be a next big wave of technology after
information technology and biotechnology.In fact,according
to [24 ],nanotechnology holds the promise of advances that
exceed those achieved in recent decades in computers and
biotechnology.
A.What is anotechnology?
The Greek word nano means very small.A nanometer is
one billionth of a meter (10 – 9 meter,about 6 atoms placed
side by side).Nanotechnology literally means any technology
performed on a nanoscale that has applications in the real
world.
National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI),[63 ],an effort by
USA to promote nanotechnology,calls it "nanotechnology"
only if it involves all of the following:
1.Research and technology development at the atomic,
molecular or macromolecular levels,in the length scale of
approximately 1 -100 nanometer range.
2.Creating and using structures,devices and systems that
have novel properties and functions because of their small
and/or intermediate size.
3.Ability to control or manipulate on the atomic scale.
B.Why ano?
To understand the hype around the nanotechnology,it is
important to understand that the nanoscale isn ’ t just small,
it ’s special kind of small.The interest in the nano materials
has been stimulated by the fact that,owing to the small size,
materials are expected to demonstrate unique mechanical,
optical,electronic,and magnetic properties [48 ] .
C.Promise of anotechnology
Nanotechnology promises to touch our lives in more ways
than one in the years to come.It is thought of as a “Next Big
Thing ”.Thus it is thought of as a Next Big Industrial
Revolution,comparable with Information Technology and
more recently Biotechnology [48,24 ]
Applications of nanotechnology are wide ranging from
materials,chemicals,textiles,semiconductors,to wonder
drug delivery systems and diagnostics.Nanotechnology is
considered to be a next big wave of technology after
information technology and biotechnology [48 ].The question
arises thus,whether to consider Nanotechnology as a
Revolutionary or Evolutionary?The answer is that,it is likely
to be both.
2593



© 2010 ekhon, ublisher nd icensee Dove Medical Press Ltd. This s an pen Access rticle
which permits unrestricted noncommercial se,rovided the original ork is roperly cited.
Nanotechnology,cience nd Applications 010:3 1–15
Nanotechnology, cience nd pplications
8677
R E V I E W
open ccess to cientific nd edical esearch
Open Access ull Text Article
Dovepress
submit our manuscript  | www.ddovepress.com
Dovepress
Food nanotechnology  – an verview
Bhupinder S Sekhon
Institute of Pharmacy and
Department of Biotechnology,
Punjab College of Technical Education,
Jhande,Ludhiana,India
Correspondence:Bhupinder Singh Sekhon
Institute of harmacy and Department of
Biotechnology,Punjab College of Technical
Education, hande,ear Baddowal Cantt
(LLudhiana)--1142021,ndia
Tel +91 61 61 388
Fax  +91 61 88 505
Email sekhon224@yahoo.ccom



FOOD TECHONOLGY
Abstract:Food nanotechnology is an area of emerging interest and opens up a whole universe
of new possibilities for the food industry. The basic categories of nanotechnology applications
and functionalities currently in the development of food packaging include: the improvement
of plastic materials barriers, the incorporation of active components that can deliver functional
attributes beyond  those  of conventional active  packaging, and  the  sensing  and  signaling  of
relevant information.Nano food packaging materials may extend food life,improve food
safety, alert consumers that food is contaminated or spoiled, repair tears in packaging, and even
release preservatives to extend the life of the food in the package. Nanotechnology applications
in the food industry can be utilized to detect bacteria in packaging, or produce stronger flavors
and color quality, and safety by increasing the barrier properties. Nanotechnology holds great
promise to provide benefits not just within food products but also around food products. In fact,
nanotechnology introduces new chances for innovation in the food industry at immense speed,
but uncertainty and health concerns are also emerging. EU/WWE/gglobal legislation for the regu-
lation f nanotechnology n food re eager. oreover, urrent egislation appears unsuitable
to anotechnology pecificity.
Keywords:anotechnology, anofood, ood packaging, anoparticles, anoencapsulation
Introduction
The word “nano ” comes from the Greek for “dwarf ”.A nanometer is a thousandth of a
thousandth of a thousandth of a meter (10 -9 m).One nanometer is about 60,000 times
smaller than a human hair in diameter or the size of a virus,a typical sheet of paper
is about 100,000 nm thick,a red blood cell is about 2,000 to 5,000 nm in size,and
the diameter of DNA is in the range of 2.5 nm.Therefore,nanotechnology deals
with matter that ranges from one-half the diameter of DNA up to 1/20 the size of a
red blood cell.1 Further,it is interesting to note that nanomaterials are so small,even
bacteria would need a microscope to see them.2 Nanoparticles are generally accepted
as those with a particle size below 100 nanometers where unique phenomena enable
novel applications and benefits.Nanomaterials on which most of the research has
been carried out are normally powders composed of nanoparticles which exhibit
properties that are different from powders of the same chemical composition,but
with much larger particles.Research is in progress into their potential in food nano-
technology sector including food packaging,foods and supplements due to their
unique functions and applications of nanomaterials.3 Tens of millions of dollars are
being spent in a global race to apply nanotechnologies in food production,processing
and packaging.




Configure button Choose the type of button and set the appropriate width and height by changing the values of query parameters in line 4.